SARS-CoV2 Outbreak: Emergence, transmission and clinical features of human coronaviruses

Authors

Abstract

The novel coronavirus was emerged from China Wuhan city and spread around the globe within a few days. COVID-19 is rapidly transmitted from one human to another, and it is also a highly pathogenic infection. Genetic analysis confirmed that SARS-CoV 2 is phenotypically related to SARS-CoV; therefore, the possible reservoir for SARS-CoV 2 could be bats. According to WHO more than 20 million individuals infected with SARS-CoV 2 while more than 700,000 peoples lost their lives due to COVID-19 as of 13th August 2020. Up-till now, there is no anti-viral therapy or vaccines available for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Although dexamethasone and tocilizumab help in reducing mortality among critical patient infected with COVID-19 However, China, Brazil and USA have developed vaccines which is currently under trial phase. Still, up-till now, there is no clinically approved treatment regimen available against COVID-19. Keywords: Human Coronavirus; SARS-CoV 2; Transmission of COVID-19; Treatment of coronavirus; Vaccine

Author Biographies

Muhammad Imran, College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP)

Research Analyst

Rehana Yasmeen, The Indus Hospital

Emergency Life Support Trainer

References

References

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.

Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.

WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020 [cited 2020 March 26]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.

Shereen MA, Khan S, Kazmi A, Bashir N, Siddique R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91-8.

WHO CoronaVirus Disease [cited 2020 14 August]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=CjwKCAjwydP5BRBREiwA-qrCGraXOQAxRgabkMWcSGT6gmduYY1OG4wVCz4NnfQTIevjUJZVni-sUBoCvrUQAvD_BwE.

WorldHealthOrganization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports 2020 [cited 2020 13 August]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.

Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. MedRxiv. 2020.

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020.

Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.

Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.

Pyrc K, Berkhout B, van der Hoek L. Identification of new human coronaviruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2007;5(2):245-53.

Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med. 2004;10(12 Suppl):S88-97.

Rahman A, Sarkar A. Risk Factors for Fatal Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections in Saudi Arabia: Analysis of the WHO Line List, 2013–2018. American journal of public health. 2019;109(9):1288-93.

Memish ZA, Zumla AI, Al-Hakeem RF, Al-Rabeeah AA, Stephens GM. Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2487-94.

Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2020;25(4).

Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.

Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and Human-to-Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(9):872-4.

Parry J. China coronavirus: cases surge as official admits human to human transmission. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2020.

Kan B, Wang M, Jing H, Xu H, Jiang X, Yan M, et al. Molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. Journal of virology. 2005;79(18):11892-900.

Paden CR, Yusof M, Al Hammadi ZM, Queen K, Tao Y, Eltahir YM, et al. Zoonotic origin and transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the UAE. Zoonoses Public Health. 2018;65(3):322-33.

Huynh J, Li S, Yount B, Smith A, Sturges L, Olsen JC, et al. Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63. J Virol. 2012;86(23):12816-25.

Wilder-Smith A, Teleman MD, Heng BH, Earnest A, Ling AE, Leo YS. Asymptomatic SARS coronavirus infection among healthcare workers, Singapore. Emerging infectious diseases. 2005;11(7):1142.

Xu J, Li Y, Gan F, Du Y, Yao Y. Salivary Glands: Potential Reservoirs for COVID-19 Asymptomatic Infection. J Dent Res. 2020;99(8):989.

Kam KQ, Yung CF, Cui L, Tzer Pin Lin R, Mak TM, Maiwald M, et al. A Well Infant With Coronavirus Disease 2019 With High Viral Load. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020;71(15):847-9.

Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1406-7.

Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Singapore, January 23–March 16, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(14):411.

Crisanti A, Cassone A. In one Italian town, we showed mass testing could eradicate the coronavirus. The Guardian. 2020;20.

Bendavid E, Mulaney B, Sood N, Shah S, Ling E, Bromley-Dulfano R, et al. COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. MedRxiv. 2020.

Jacofsky D, Jacofsky EM, Jacofsky M. Understanding Antibody Testing for COVID-19. J Arthroplasty. 2020;35(7S):S74-S81.

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269-71.

Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, Graham RL, Sheahan TP, Lu X, et al. Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. MBio. 2018;9(2):e00221-18.

Derebail VK, Falk RJ. ANCA-Associated Vasculitis—Refining Therapy with Plasma Exchange and Glucocorticoids. Mass Medical Soc; 2020.

Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson J, Mafham M, Bell J, Linsell L, et al. Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report. MedRxiv. 2020.

Theoharides T, Conti P. Dexamethasone for COVID-19? Not so fast. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2020;34(3):10.23812.

Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Milic J, Tonelli R, Menozzi M, et al. Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Rheumatology. 2020.

Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020;117(20):10970-5.

Mercado NB, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Loos C, Chandrashekar A, Yu J, et al. Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Nature. 2020:1-11.

van Doremalen N, Lambe T, Spencer A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Purushotham JN, Port JR, et al. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. Nature. 2020:1-8.

COVID-19 vaccine tracker [cited 2020 14 August]. Available from: https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2020/3/covid-19-vaccine-tracker.

Published

2021-01-16

Most read articles by the same author(s)